How to Handle Arguments in Bash Scripts Using Tokens

In Bash scripting, handling arguments effectively is crucial for creating flexible and reusable scripts. Bash provides several ways to access and manipulate arguments passed to a script. Here’s how you can use $1, $2, and $@, along with other related special variables.

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Basics of Argument Handling

1. Accessing Positional Parameters

• $1, $2, $3, ...: Represent the first, second, third, etc., arguments passed to the script.
• Example: bash #!/bin/bash echo "First argument: $1" echo "Second argument: $2" Usage: bash ./script.sh arg1 arg2 Output: First argument: arg1 Second argument: arg2

2. Accessing All Arguments

• $@: Expands to all positional parameters as separate words.

• $*: Expands to all positional parameters as a single word.

  Key Difference:

  • $@ preserves each argument as a separate entity.
  • $* concatenates all arguments into one string.

  Example:

  #!/bin/bash
  echo "Using \$@:"
  for arg in "$@"; do
    echo "$arg"
  done
  
  echo "Using \$*:"
  for arg in "$*"; do
    echo "$arg"
  done
  

  Usage:

  ./script.sh arg1 arg2 "arg3 with spaces"
  

  Output:

  Using $@:
  arg1
  arg2
  arg3 with spaces
  Using $*:
  arg1 arg2 arg3 with spaces
  

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3. Number of Arguments

• $#: Returns the number of arguments passed to the script.

• Example:

  #!/bin/bash
  echo "Number of arguments: $#"
  

  Usage:

  ./script.sh arg1 arg2 arg3
  

  Output:

  Number of arguments: 3
  

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4. The Script Name

• $0: Refers to the name of the script itself.

• Example:

  #!/bin/bash
  echo "Script name: $0"
  

  Usage:

  ./script.sh
  

  Output:

  Script name: ./script.sh
  

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Best Practices for Argument Handling

1. Check if Arguments Are Provided

Use conditionals to ensure the required arguments are passed:

#!/bin/bash

if [ $# -lt 2 ]; then
    echo "Usage: $0 <arg1> <arg2>"
    exit 1
fi

echo "Arguments are valid."

2. Using Shift to Iterate Through Arguments

The shift command shifts positional parameters to the left, allowing you to iterate through them.

#!/bin/bash

while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
    echo "Processing argument: $1"
    shift
done

Usage:

./script.sh arg1 arg2 arg3

Output:

Processing argument: arg1
Processing argument: arg2
Processing argument: arg3

3. Named Arguments

For clarity, you can assign arguments to named variables:

#!/bin/bash

arg1=$1
arg2=$2

echo "First argument: $arg1"
echo "Second argument: $arg2"

4. Handling Options with getopts

getopts is a built-in tool for parsing options (e.g., -f, -v) and arguments.

#!/bin/bash

while getopts ":f:v:" opt; do
    case $opt in
        f) file="$OPTARG" ;;
        v) value="$OPTARG" ;;
        \?) echo "Invalid option: -$OPTARG" >&2 ;;
    esac
done

echo "File: $file"
echo "Value: $value"

Usage:

./script.sh -f filename -v value

Output:

File: filename
Value: value

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Summary Table

Variable	Description
$0	Script name
$1, $2, ...	Positional parameters (arguments)
$@	All arguments (separate words)
$*	All arguments (single string)
$#	Number of arguments
shift	Shift positional parameters left

By using these tools effectively, you can handle script arguments dynamically and create more powerful Bash scripts.